The POVERTY for some time past was one of the major problems for states and planners. But POVERTY in rural communities in particular is one of the most important challenges. In the national level, all of the groups and strata who live near the POVERTY line are known as poor groups. Historically the scentific studies about POVERTY and its alleviation turn to last years of 19th century. Booth and Rowntree's researches (1987 & 1901) in England are thd Pioneers for this kind of studies.In the middle of 1940 decade, while the ministry of labor was organized, studying about POVERTY for the first time was done in Iran.In this essay relative POVERTY is concerned, that individuals income are compared, that peoples with low income are known more poor than people with high income, also their population distribution are considered.Statical population of this study are householders of Azadshahr's villages in Golestan province.According to findings the survey based on POVERTY line, 27.6 percent of householdes live under POVERTY line.Results of analysis multiregression show that independent variables such automobile, housing, occupation, cultivate areas, dependency to state, fatalism, availability to medias, empathy and level aspiration as indicators of POVERTY have significant relations with dependent variable and by them 48 percentage of total variance are examined.

One of the most important goals of any society is social justice and social welfare and the equal distribution of resources, which include POVERTY reduction as an important dimension. To achieve the above objectives at any level in any society it needs to recognize the rate of social equality and POVERTY and inequality rate among different regions. This study is kind of applied-developed research where its analytical methods and the assessment of POVERTY in the province of West Azerbaijan was performed by using 17 indicators. Analyzing findings using TOPSIS model and Coefficient of dispersion model and hypotheses research was conducted in accordance with Spss software requirements as well.The weight of indicators were determined by a panel of 20 relevant experts. Accordingly, each of the urban areas of the province in terms of indicators was rated and classified. The study showed significant differences between cities in terms of development. Orumyieh was ranked as one of the lowest POVERTY rates in urban development and Chaypareh as the rank of the highest urban POVERTY.

In order to determine the role of the US withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) in 2018 in the evolution and change of the POVERTY framing, this study analyzes how POVERTY is framed in two categories of specialized (including leadership, Dolat, Mizan, Icana) and general websites (including Fars, Moj and Young Journalists Club) during 2017, 2018 and 2019. For this, it uses Framing as a theory, and the technique of Pan and Kosicki’s Frame analysis as a research method. Findings are categorized in four groups as syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical. The review indicates that 42,302 news and reports are distributed in these websites in the research period that 275 were identified as samples and recorded and analyzed in Maxquda software. The results show that, except for the Young Journalists Club, the way POVERTY is framed has changed on all cases since the imposition of sanctions, and sanctions highlighted as one of the main causes of POVERTY in the framing of POVERTY. In regard of agenda setting, the coverage of POVERTY news and reports is less than 10%; the POVERTY news coverage has been declining over the three years under study. The websites of Leadership and Moj have the largest coverage, and Young Journalists Club has the least amount (less than 1%) of coverage. Due to his type of agenda setting, the problem of POVERTY is marginalized in public opinion. The framing of POVERTY with emphasis on the US withdrawal from JCPA as the cause of POVERTY represent POVERTY as a temporary issue, silences the voice of the poor, and depicts the emergence of a new social form in Iranian society.

POVERTY is a multidimensional phenomenon. Scientists have studied its different aspects. Governments and global societies have considered taking steps to remove or reduce the POVERTY in the life of the dispossessed. POVERTY line is a basic factor for designing the POVERTY INDEXES. Effective factors in standard of living such as education, health, and social security are studied in the period of 1363-1384, in this research. The POVERTY line was estimated through dynamic linear expenditures system by ISUR approach, and then POVERTY INDEXES were calculated. The results indicate that 48% of the province population is under POVERTY line, and for filling this gap the government ought to pay 44% of POVERTY line to every person. The trend of the headcount and POVERTY gap INDEXES was decreasing in the period.

One of the agriculture goals is decreasing POVERTY especially in developing countries. Using optimal cultivation pattern in addition to appropriate and logical utilization of production resources, it directs us towards increasing income. In this study, at first, FGT POVERTY index was measured for families of Orzoo’iyeh district in Baft. Then, optimal cultivation pattern in this region was determined using mathematical programming method. At the end, income variations and POVERTY index variations rate were calculated considering the obtained results and also the acceptance possibility of this pattern by farmers. The required data were collected using random sampling method from some villages and agricultural regions located in Orzoo’iyeh district of Baft city for farming year of 2007-08 by means of questionnaire among 64 farmers. The results delineates that utilizing optimal cultivation pattern is effective on POVERTY decreasing. That is %12.5 of villagers will be put on the POVERTY line by using the optimal cultivation pattern.

All simple methods of the measurement of POVERTY, such as ratio of the poor in total population and income gap are in fact unable to reflect inter-transformation society, with respect to change in money making groups, income transformation, gathering of the social groups, symmetry, asymmetry (dependency of the index to the other specification of the individuals in the society), monotonicity, social welfare, social justice etc. Therefore, these indices are weak and deficient to show dynamism of the POVERTY.the more complicated indices that started to introduce from Sen work, reflect The income distribution circumstance and income ranking and some of them are admitted to Gini coefficient. Nearly fifteen such principal indices that apply income distribution content and income transformation, POVERTY line and distribution among the poor are recognized. Some of these indices deal with social welfare, which is not a calculable issue. However the total number of secondary and/or related indices are amounted to more than seventy. Selecting a proper index for every society relies on data access, the structure and distribution of the population and the income of the society under consideration, the goals of planning as well as policy making and finally choosing the researcher. In this article I have analyzed the ability and power of the main indices, with special regard to Iran situation. To accomplish this fact, I have introduced a nine-item principles that are necessary in index, Then I introduced analyzed the sen, Kakwani Takayama and some other indices. Finally, bringing Iran POVERTY and income distribution condition into consideration, I have represented a propose index as the geometric mean of the third Kakwani's and the first sen indices. Using Some appraises and non-parametric estimate as well as official data for Iran, I have calculated the POVERTY index of the country. This index is considered as a high index with respect to percupita income of the country.

Women are deprived from the capacities and capabilities needed for POVERTY reduction. The anxieties of women falling into the group of "poorest of the poor" has resulted in the development of different approaches including "Women Empowerment". It seems the Process of empowerment of the poor women requires changes in all the institutions which have deprived them from the capabilities and have put them at the risk of POVERTY.This article presents part of the findings of a research conducted by the methods of group discussion and survey among the female headed households of Arak (a city in central part of Iran). It is shown that because of their sex, women are more vulnerable against POVERTY. Their POVERTY is not only income but in the social and psychological dimensions which are as important as economic aspect. To eradicate POVERTY, women's empowerment as well as structural changes are required.

The researches believe that the style of Mathnavi is based on a special eloquence. The following subjects belong to this style: Level of common people understanding leave an impression on it, representation of weak tradition and news, analogistic allegories and proverbs, common superstition and ideas to unknown addressee, thorough knowledge of divine will, mixing colloquial words with scientific meaning, being influenced from Arabic and religious language and culture, varyiety of tales and stories and examples of wise and mystery and etc... In this article the author tried to consider the famous tale of "Qaraniq" that Mawlana accept the occurance of it.

Obviously, Gnosticism and Sufism are the most important areas in the field of classic literature of Iran in which there is an inner movement towards its original source that is close to God. In the course of movement, the follower encounters a lot of problems that sometimes take him away from the main goal. Sufism sheikhs recommended steady "remembrance" to their followers so that they could rescue themselves from forgetfulness and ignorance and arrive at the destination being helped by his leader. Remembering has had special ceremonies. Doing them under the supervision of sheikh, the follower has recited remembrance. In this paper, while introducing Gnosticism and Sufism in Islam briefly, we have dealt with the place of remembrance, its ceremonies, its ranks, the most important remembrance etc. in Sufism literature. Moreover, we have analyzed the points of view of some Sufism pioneers and sheikhs concerning remembrance.